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: : : . : , , . , , : .1991 ," , "" .61 . , . ' - * . - {} :- , ' ' - .- (Dwlbruck) . ,{1} , , . - , - - - - : , ; ; , ,- ;' ' ; , - , - . , . -' 1964 . . , , ,' , (Herede) 1966 , ' ,1982 - . , (Jackson) ' " (Lyons) .{2} 1187 10 - , . 800 ,1987 ,- ,(1 ) - , , , - . ,- , - - - . - , 200- . , , . , , " 1.8- , ' ,1983 , - .( Lubia) - , , 2 ; ( ) , .{3} - , , - ' - .1187 3- - -- 13- - , . - , ,(1187 20) 583 , ' - ,{4} '- ' .(- :) - - ' , , 1156 , - ,' 1146 ,- . , - , ; - - '- ,- .{5} 1187 , ,- , . , , - 1177 . 1182 ;(Montgisard) - - , 1182 ;(Forbelet) ,1183 ; ,- ; , , . 1184 1187 - . - - ,(1187 27) 583 ,II 8 , , ,- - ( 30) II 21 , . .- ,- - ;- ,- ,'-' ; , .{6} - - , - ,- - - , - {7} (=) , , , - - .{8} (2 ) - ,(' ) ,- . - , - ,- , , - - .- " 2- . ,- - - -- - - - . .- , ; ,- : - - ;{9} , , - ; - - - . - .{10} , , 4- , - , .{11} ,- - " .98 ' ,61 - :2 * , - - ,- ,1187 .( 2) 11 23 ,(Libellus- ) Libellus de expugnatione Terra Sanctae , , - , - .{12} - ; , , , , . ,1183 - - ,- , - - - - ' ' ( 2) II 23 , , .{13} , , , - . - . , ,- , ,(Eschive) . , , - - . , 1183 - , .{14} , 3- ," 30- . , , . . - " 3- ;' 10.40- . 15.80- ;' 13.20 , , ,- .- - .' ,( ) - 2 . ,- - - ) -- , , . .(2 , - , - .{15} - - ,(-) , , , ' - (Smail) '" - , .{16} ' , - , ,(' ' :) ,(Guillaume) , - , ' , , 2 ( ,) , , , .{17} - ," 8 , 2- , - - . , , , , , . , - , ,- . , - , , . - - - , ' , .' - ' ' .' ' , , , .{18} - , . " 3- - - .{19} - - ' ? - , . ,- ,- . , , - - , , . - . - - . , .{20} - ,' , . . , . , , , , " . , , - ,(- ) , : - 1950 13- 108,000- 1949 7 ' ,' ' , - . 86,400 , , ,' - 20- , 33,840 1949 4- : .{21} 17,280 1950 4,000- 1918 , . .{22} .{23} , - ,(? ) Cresson ) ,{24} ' ' , 12- ,- - " 1.5- ,(- , 180 1989 1187 3- - .{25} . , , , . . " 4-3 - ,' , - ,( ) ' ' ,- ' ,- - ' , - - ' - , . - '' - , . , , .{26} , . , Libellus- , , .{27} ( ,) , .- - - - - . - .{28} , . ,Libellus- , . , . . , , - ' ' , .- , , ( ) Habatin , . .{29} , , ' ' 'mauvais) ' ' .{30} ,(consel' Libellus- . , ; Libellus- . , , . , ,' ' - ) Carnehatin , . , ,( - - 3- , ,Libellus- . {31} Marescalcia (casale) , , 3 supra 4- , .' Manescalcia- ' ,{32} Manescalciam Tyberiadis Marescalcia / Manescalcia .{33} , 1556-1555 ' , . 47 1597-1596 .{34} 182 , , ,() casale- Libellus- I Marescalcia , Marescalcia- ,1187- , 80- . - , - ' ' 300 , - . , .(3 ) 1961 4- ,- ) - ,' 5.80- .(3 .' 10.30- - ,' 6.60- - , .(4 ) , , - ' - , ,' 40 * 40 , . .(5- 3 ) - .{35} ' , :4 ;105 ' ,61 - - :3 * ' ,- :5 ;97 ' , - .107 , 3- - - . - - ' ' , ? . ,- ' ' 1912 , 1918 , ' : , .{36} ' - , - ; ,1945 26- , - .{37} 1963 13- ,(3 ) 1961 4- , .(5 ) 1989 8- , , , 6- . ' - , , ,'- ,- , . , .{38} . , , , .{39} - " 2- , , , - . , , . .{40} . - , ,(II 25) 4- , - ? . , , - - , - - {41} ? - - ' , ; , , .{42} , , , , . , , , . - - . - , , , , , , - , , - . , ' , , .- - , . , , . , . . - , , ' ' - , .{43} , .(2 ) (- ) 311 , - , " 2- . , . - , . .{44} . , - - ' . , , , Libellus- . . ,( - ,) . , , , .{45} , ; , . ,'- - - , , , ; '- . , . ,- , - , ,- , , . .{46} - ; . , - - - - , . - . , , , . , ; 3- LibeIlus- . ; 4- - ; ' ; - , , .{47} - . , ,1812 23- - ,(Burckhardt) ' : , ' , ,' - - , , . , . .{48} ' - - , , Libellus- . , , . , Libellus- - - .{49} , . , , - .{50} ' ,quasi castellum- - , , .{51} ' . , , , .{52} ' ' 1914 .(6 ) ,{53} ' 2 ' 2.30 , , . 1187 - - , , . . '- (Richard) - ' 1952 .{54} - Vat. Reg. Lat1. 598 - . - ,(Robert d'Auxerre) . - ;- . , . '- - , - , '- ,-- ; .{55} .{56} , , . , (Balian) - , . , - , - ;- - - .- - - , ,- . , , . ,1177 25- , , , ; - ,Sainte Katerine de Monglsart ,- , .{57} - - ' , . ,{58} ' (!) - .{59} , , ,manomerie . ,1327 , ' - , - - . .{60} ( ) '- , ,1217 ,(Thietmar) .{61} , '' - (Quaresmius) " ; - .{62} , .1981- 1976 ,{63} 1914 , - - , - - . . : - * . H. Delbruck, Gesehichte der Kriegskunst im Rahmen der politischen {1} Geschichte, III: Das Mittelalter, Berlin 1907, p. 421 -117 ' ,(1964) , ,- : , {2} , ;IEJ, XIV (1964), pp. 160-179 : ,124 - .Crusader lnstitutions, Oxford 1980 , pp. 484-500 : ' .95 ' ,61 , * M.C. Lyons & D.E.P. Jackson, Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War M.C. Lyons & C.P. Melville .Cambridge 1982, ch. 16 The Holy of ,- .(- :) Hattin, Jerusalem 1991 , ' ' {3} .139-128 ' ," - , - :) Abu Shama, RHC Historiens Orientaux, IV, pp. 286-287 {4} . , ,'' .( .1187 5- E. Sivan, 'Refugie's syro-palestiniens au : {5} temps des Croisades', Revue des e'tudes islamiques, XXXV (1967), pp. 135 . ,() " : ,-147 J. Drory, 'Hanbalis ;92-83 ' ,(" ) 1291-1099 ,- of the Nablus Region in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries', AAS, XXII H. Laoust, Le : - .(1988), pp. 92-112 pre'cis de droit d'Ibn Qudama, Beirut 1950, pp. ix-xlii; Drory, ibid. p ) - .104 D. Sourdel Deux, : .280 ' ,- : - - , ( 'documents relatifs a la communaute' hanbalite de Damas, Bulletin d'e'tudes orientales, XXV (1972), pp. 142-143 'Imid al-Din al-Infahanj, Conquete de la Syrie et la Palestine' par {6} Salah al-Din, ed. C, de Landberg, Leiden 1888, p. 20; French trans. H ,Masse', Paris 1972, p. 22; Baha' al-Din, RHC Historiens Orientauxx, III - : .(99 ' ,61 *) p. 93 .286 , ,() - : - ;212 ' ,(4 ,) -170 ' ,(1951) ,- ,'-' , " : .169 G. Beyer, 'Die : casale Capharseth - {7} .Kreuzfahrergebiete Akko und Gailaea', ZDPV, LXVII (1944-1945), p. 218 ,1180 1163 (Capharset ) Petrus de Cafarset Cartulaire general de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers de S'aint-Jean : Je'rusalem, J. Delaville Le Roulx (ed.), II, Paris, pp. 905, 909 .(99 ' ,61 *) A. Saarisalo, 'Topographical Researches in Galilee', JPOS, IX {8} ,' : ' , ' ;(1929), pp. 30-36; X (1937), p. 7 .197-191 ' ,(1971) ,- , ' ,' : ' , " : {9} :- ,() ' ' .132-123 ' ,1989 , - 1946 16- , .1928 ' Palestine, : . 219,600 , , 0.061 Department of Land Settlement and Water Commissioner, Irrigation .Service, Water Measurements 1945/46, Jerusalem 1947, p. 162 . .256 ' ,(2 ,) ' {10} - {11} ;105 ' ,(6 ,) - ) J. Kraemer, Der Sturz ,des Konigreichs : ;95 ' ,() Jerusalem (583/1187) in der Darstellung des 'Imad al-Din al-Katib al ,61 * -Isfahani Wiesbaden 1952, p. 14 - - ,(100 ' - - 30- ,(6 , ,- ) .13 ' ,(2 ,) : . - .- De expugnatione Terrae sanctae Libellus, : ;286 ' ,- {12} .( :) ed. J. Stevenson, Rolls Series 66, London 1875, p. 219 ;95 ' ,() ;105 ' ,(6 ,) - {13} .14 ' ,(11 ,) R.C. Smail, 'The Predicaments of : {14} Guy of Lusignan, 1183-87', B.Z. Kedar, H.E. Mayer, & R.C. Smail (eds.), Outremer: Studies in the History of the Crusading Kingdom of Jerusalem Presented to Joshua Prawer, Jerusalem 1982, pp. 159-176; H.E. Mayer, Henry II of England and the Holy Land', EHR, XCVII (1982), pp. 721-739; G. Regan, Saladin and the Fall of Jerusalem, London 1987, pp. 110-114 .121 ' ,(2 ,) {15} R.C. Smail, Crusader Warfare (1097-1193), Cambridge 1956, p. 204 {16} La Continuation de Guillaume de Tyr (1184-1197), ed. M.R. Morgan {17} :) Documents relatifs a` l'histoire des croisades, 14), Paris p. 47 Estoire de Eracles Empereur (RHC, Historiens Occidentaux II), ;( d'Ernoul et de : , .( :) p. 54 :) Bernard le Tre'sorier, ed. L. de Mas-Latrie, Paris 1871, p. 163 A. Grenier, Manue : .' 2.222 lieue (leuga) .( ,d'arche'ologie gallo-romaine, II: L'arche'ologie du sol: Les routes ' ,61 *) Paris 1934, pp. 95-96 , (25 ,121 ' ,(2 ,)) .(101 Cresson .(159 ' ,) , . -- , - ) Cresson- , .( .259 ' ,(2 ,) ' {18} - .122 ' ,(2 ,) {19} ; . , ' ' .261-259 ' ,(2 ,) ' {20} H. Mohring Saladins : . *) 'Politik des Heiligen Krieges',Der Islam, LXI (1984), p. 325 .(102 ' ,61 Israel, Ministry of Agriculture, Water Department, Hydrological {21} Service, Hydrological Year Book of Israel, 1947/48-1949/50, Jerusalem 1950, pp. 483 ('Ayn al-Qastal), 526 ('Ayn Hattin), 527 ('Ayn al-Nabi ; 3- .Shu'ayb) .62 ' , : , . .P. Range, Nazareth, (Das Land der Bibel, 4.2),Leipzig 1923, p. 12 {22} " , - , . 500 ; ) ,' ' , ' ' : {23} . , , :3/V ,(" .159 ' , {24} , , - {25} 18,000 1988 12- 1949 2- .1988- 1949 ' ,(21 ,) : 1949 . , ,1988 ;527 . , , : - ;2 , - - {26} .261 ' ,(2 ,) ' ;286 ' ) 287 ' ,- {27} .223-222 ' , ;( ;96 ' ,() ;106 ' ,(6 ,) ,- {28} .25 ' ,() ,23 ' ,() - : .223 ' , ;63-62 ' , {29} : ,Vat. Reg. lat. 598 - ' () ; ' J. Richard, 'An Account of the Battle of Hattin :' Referring to the Frankish Mercenaries in Oriental Moslem States', Robert d'Auxerre, : .Speculum, XXVII (1952), p. 175 Chronicon, ed. O. Holder-Egger, Monumenta Germaniae Historica: ' ,(6 ,) ,- : Scriptores, 26, 1882, p. 249 .25 ' ,(A) ;23 .52 , , ;168-167 ' , ;61-60 ' ,C - , {30} .223 ' , ;63 ' , {31} Cesare Imperiale di Sant'Angelo (ed.), Codice diplomatico della {32} .Repubblica di Genova, II, Roma 1938, Doc. 170,p. 31 R. Rohricht, Regesta regni : ;1187 *) hierosolymitani & Additamentum, Innsbruck 1893-1904, No. 6599 .(105 ' ,61 .121 ' ,(2 ,) {33} H. Rhode, 'The Geography of the : 1556-1555 {34} Sixteenth-Century Sancak of Safad', Archivum Ottomanicum, X (1985), p 47 1597-1596 . .199 182 - ,29 - - ,48 - ,( ) .(34 ) 366 () (24 ) 86 ,( 32 ) W.D Hutteroth & K. Abdulfattah, Historical Geography of Palestine: : ,Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century, Erlangen 1977 .(105 ' ,61 *) pp. 181-190 Franciscus Quaresmius, : ,'Meschina villula, re et nomine' Elucidatio Terrae Sanctae, II, Antwerpen 1631, p. 856a G. Dalman, 'Jahresbericht : {35} des Instituts fur das Arbeitsjahr 1913/14', Palastinajahrbuch des deutschen evangelischen Instituts fur Altertumswis-senschaft des *) heiligen Landes zu Jerusalem, X (1914), p. 41 .(106 ' ,61 .130-129 ' ,(3 ,) : . K. Baedeker, Pulestine and Syria, Leipzig 1912, p. 252; Handbook {36} on Northern Palestine and Southern Syria, Cairo, April 9, 1918, pp. 186 ' - , .and 202 .(186 ') ' ,Palestine Survey, strip 9, photo 633 (1945); Survey of Israel {37} .trip 49, photo 0407 (1961); strip 77 photo 2025 (1963) . - , , " . Ibn al-Athir, RHC Historieas ;267 ' ,- : - {38} .('- :) Orientaux, I, p. 683 19- , {39} .481 ' ,(21 ,) : ,1950 . - .266 ' , : - {40} .293 ' , : - ;124-123 ,121 ' ,(2 ,) : {41} ,33-30 ' ,() : , ' , .262 ' ,() ,' ' ,(6 ,) - ;287 ' , : - {42} .17 ' ,(11 ,) ,96 ' ,() ; 10 .267 ' , : - .683 ' ,'- ivit rex cum exercitu suo a Naim quasi' leugam Historia de : ,(' , ') unum' :expeditione Friderici, ed. A. Chroust, Monumenra Germaniae Historica (Nam ) Naim .Scnprores rerum germamcarum, NS 5, 1928, p. 2 , , ,- (" 2.2) . .172 ,32 ' ,(2 ,) : ,- - .168 ' , ;64 ,62 ' , {43} - {44} ' . . , ,' .2 ' ,(42 ,) {45} Gesta regis Henrici secundi, ed. W. Stubbs, Rolls : ' Series, 49, London 1867, 2, pp. 11-13; K. 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